c++ - When linking statically, does the linker include the whole library?

Question

For example, if I static link to freeglut, does the compiler include everything from freeglut or only the parts that I use? Of course, this implies that the linker (or compiler?) do some kind of dependency analysis to figure out what it can safely exclude.

If so, is there a way to see what have been included or excluded in Visual Studio?

Answer 1

It's partly a Quality of Implementation issue, but there is a real gotcha.

Namely, by the standard the linker has to add in all compilation units that are referenced. But say that in the library, you have a compilation unit with nothing but a static variable whose initialization registers something with a something registry, e.g. message handling, factory, whatever, or perhaps its constructor and destructor output, respectively, "before main" and "after main". If nothing in that compilation unit is referenced, then the linker is within its rights to just skip it, remove it.

So, to ensure that such static variables are not optimized away, with a standard-conforming toolchain it is necessary and sufficient to reference something in that compilation unit.

Re seeing in Visual Studio what has been included, as far as I know there's no way except asking for verbose output from the linker, like, linker option /verbose:ref.

However, with that option you get really verbose output.

An alternative is to ask the linker for a map file, like, linker option /map:blah.

Also this output is very verbose, though.