xhtml - What Are The Reserved Characters In (X)HTML?

Question

Yes, I've googled it, and surprisingly got confusing answers.

One page says that < > & " are the only reserved characters in (X)HTML. No doubt, this makes sense.

This page says < > & " ' are the reserved characters in (X)HTML. A little confusing, but okay, this makes sense too.

And then comes this page which says < > & " ? ° ￡ and non-breaking space (&nbsp) are all reserved characters in (X)HTML. This makes no sense at all, and pretty much adds to my confusion.

Can someone knowledgeable, who actually do know this stuff, clarify which the reserved characters in (X)HTML actually are?

EDIT: Also, should all the reserved characters in code be escaped when wrapped in <pre> tag? or is it just these three -- < > & ??

Answer 1

The XHTML 1.0 specification states at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xhtml1-20020801/#xhtml:

XHTML 1.0 [...] is a reformulation of the three HTML 4 document types as applications of XML 1.0 [XML].

The XML 1.0 specification states at http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#syntax:

Character Data and Markup: Text consists of intermingled character data and markup. [...] The ampersand character (&) and the left angle bracket (<) MUST NOT appear in their literal form, except when used as markup delimiters, or within a comment, a processing instruction, or a CDATA section. If they are needed elsewhere, they MUST be escaped using either numeric character references or the strings "&" and "<" respectively. The right angle bracket (>) may be represented using the string ">", and MUST, for compatibility, be escaped using either ">" or a character reference when it appears in the string "]]>" in content, when that string is not marking the end of a CDATA section.

This means that when writing the text parts of an XHTML document you must escape &, <, and >.

You can escape a lot more, e.g. &uuml; for umlaut u. You can as well state that the document is encoded in for example UTF-8 and write the byte sequence 0xc3bc instead to get the same umlaut u.

When writing the element parts (col. "tags") of the document, there are different rules. You have to take care of ", ' and a lot of rules concerning comments, CDATA and so on. There are also rules which characters can be used in element and attribute names. You can look it up in the XML specification, but in the end it comes down to: for element and attribute names, use letters, digits and "-"; do not use "_". For attribute values, you must escape & and (depending on the quote style) either ' or ".

If you use one of the many libraries to write XML / XHTML documents, somebody else has already taken care of this and you just have to tell the library to write text or elements. All the escaping is done the in the background.&