You can achieve this by storing the values in an array and using the slider as the indexer for the array. This example will step through 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 as you slide.
HTML
<input id="input" type="range" min="0" value="0" max="6" step="1">
<div id="output"></div>
JS
var values = [1,3,5,10,20,50,100]; //values to step to
var input = document.getElementById('input'),
output = document.getElementById('output');
input.oninput = function(){
output.innerHTML = values[this.value];
};
input.oninput(); //set default value
Fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/26xk026z/1/
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