The usual answer to this question is
reg add "HKCUControl PanelDesktop" /v Wallpaper /t REG_SZ /d "c:somewheresomething.bmp" /f
to set the adecuated entry in the registry, followed by
RUNDLL32.EXE user32.dll,UpdatePerUserSystemParameters
to inform the system of the changes.
BUT, from windows Vista this approach does not work. Or at least not as intended. The changes to the registry will apply on new logon. The only robust way to get the wallpaper changed instantly is to use the windows api.
For a powershell solution, you can find a solution here
If you have access to a C compiler, this code should do the same (tested with mingw-gcc)
#include <windows.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 2) return 1;
if (! SystemParametersInfo(
SPI_SETDESKWALLPAPER,
0,
argv[1],
SPIF_UPDATEINIFILE | SPIF_SENDWININICHANGE
)) return 2;
return 0;
}
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