swift protocol 'weak' cannot be applied to non-class type

Question

I'm a bit confused. What's the difference between protocol A : class { ... } and protocol A{ ... }, and which one we should use in swift?

PS： we got an error when we wrote like this

protocol A{ ... }

weak var delegate: A

error : 'weak' cannot be applied to non-class type

Answer 1

Swift >= 4:

protocol A : AnyObject { ... {

Swift < 4:

protocol A : class { ... }

defines a "class-only protocol": Only class types (and not structures or enumerations) can adopt this protocol.

Weak references are only defined for reference types. Classes are reference types, structures and enumerations are value types. (Closures are reference types as well, but closures cannot adopt a protocol, so they are irrelevant in this context.)

Therefore, if the object conforming to the protocol needs to be stored in a weak property then the protocol must be a class-only protocol.

Here is another example which requires a class-only protocol:

protocol A { 
    var name : String { get set }
}

func foo(a : A) {
    a.name = "bar" // error: cannot assign to property: 'a' is a 'let' constant
}

This does not compile because for instances of structures and enumerations, a.name = "bar" is a mutation of a. If you define the protocol as

protocol A : class { 
    var name : String { get set }
}

then the compiler knows that a is an instance of a class type to that a is a reference to the object storage, and a.name = "bar" modifies the referenced object, but not a.

So generally, you would define a class-only protocol if you need the types adopting the protocol to be reference types and not value types.