The entire expression is referred to as a List Comprehension. It's a simpler, Pythonic approach to construct a for loop that iterates through a list.
https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/basics/list-comprehensions-in-python
Given your code:
numbersList = [int(n) for n in input('Enter numbers: ').split()]
Lets say you run the code provided, you get a prompt for input:
Enter numbers: 10 8 25 33
Now what happens is, Python's input() function returns a string, as documented here:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#input
So the code has now essentially become this:
numbersList = [int(n) for n in "10 8 25 33".split()]
Now the split() function returns an array of elements from a string delimited by a given character, as strings.
https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/dictionary/python-split
So now your code becomes:
numbersList = [int(n) for n in ["10", "8", "25", "33"]]
This code is now the equivalent of:
numbersAsStringsList = ["10", "8", "25", "33"]
numberList = []
for n in numbersAsStringsList:
numberList.append(int(n))
The int(n) method converts the argument n from a string to an int and returns the int.
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int
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