Make allows you to do whatever you want, provided you can describe it in the makefile. Note that make doesn't help you get around the low-level details of the task (build C++ code for iOS), you have to figure it all out yourself. Make merely automates the repetitive tasks.
So the tricky part is setting up your development workflow for iOS. Find and install the iOS cross-compilation toolchain and libraries, come up with a project structure (i.e. where you keep the headers and source, where the binaries go), try to compile and link a simple "hello world" test program. To verify the result, copy the test binaries to an iOS device and run it. Once all that is clear, you can write a Makefile to automate the build process.
If you have an existing Makefile-based source code targeting a PC or Mac platform, and you're trying to compile and run it on an iOS device, then you're actually porting this project. That is potentially a much harder task to solve than writing a Makefile from scratch. You'd have to be quite familiar with your new target platform (iOS) and its development tools; the project itself and, of course, make.
See also the GNU Make manual
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